IDEIAS

When we look through history, we see that the common pattern across decades is for big reversals. There are logical reasons for this, as excesses lead to extrapolation and busts, and vice versa. Policy makers also learn from their recent experience and/or are forced to react to intolerable conditions, and policy mistakes (in retrospect) are more likely to be in the opposite direction than the same one. The 2010s were a deleveraging deflationary decade when fiscal policy was tightened too fast, and central banks learned multiple times through trial and error that tightening wasn’t yet possible. The economy was already looking different by the end of the last decade, and then the pandemic and, more importantly, the policy responses to it put these changes into hyperdrive. And we see the odds of an overshoot as being significantly higher than those of an undershoot. The table and charts below put into context the profound shift that has occurred in the underlying forces governing inflation. They show: a massive transformation in both sides of the household balance sheet (record-high wealth and very low debt service), more widely shared prosperity, the tightest labor market in decades, higher inflation (even excluding base effects), and the easiest monetary and fiscal policy ever, let alone into a booming economy. By comparison, interest rate markets are lagging the changes that we think are occurring, and setting up some of the best trades we’ve seen in a long time.

Interest Rate Markets Are Discounting a Return to Normal

Despite what we see as fundamentally changed conditions, interest rate markets seem to be looking through current inflation, and pricing in very little chance of an overshoot. Core inflation, even excluding base effects, is already the highest it has been in decades. Yet breakeven inflation is priced to remain at levels similar to those seen over the last decade and well below current inflation rates.

Similarly, long rates are not priced to return to pre-pandemic levels for years.

Overall, interest rate markets appear to be discounting a return to normal at the same time as underlying conditions have fundamentally changed, setting up some of the best trades we’ve seen in a long time. On top of that, rising interest rates are probably the biggest risk we see to most assets, so to us, a short treasury position has a high expected return and can probably hedge the biggest risk in financial markets today, which is that policy makers end up being limited by inflation/currency risk.

For more perspective on this pricing, below we walk through how radically different conditions are relative to what they were prior to the pandemic.

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Is Extremely Stimulative

As a result of the shift to the MP3 paradigm of near-zero interest rates and coordinated monetary and fiscal policy, the US economy now faces extremely stimulative policy relative to conditions. Short-term interest rates are near zero and priced to not change much for years. Long-term interest rates have fallen to lows, especially in real terms. This pricing is discounted to be much weaker than what had been priced in prior to the pandemic and does not reflect the huge underlying improvement that we are seeing across the economy.

Moreover, the US has entered an era of MP3 policy, which we expect to stay with us. Even with the economy recovering, the government is running historically large peacetime deficits, funded by QE that is roughly on par with the peak levels in the 2010s. Looking ahead, we expect that we have turned a corner where each new downturn will be met with further rounds of stimulus. The $4 trillion package of infrastructure and social spending that is likely to be passed by Congress even as the economy rapidly recovers is an indication that the attitude toward fiscal stimulus has evolved.

Policy Support Has Fueled Broad-Based Improvement in Household Balance Sheets

This policy shift is already having a transformative effect on households’ ability to spend as well as tolerate higher interest rates. In the last decade, the gains from QE (MP2) accrued mainly to wealthy asset holders, who were marginally less likely to convert gains into spending. Today, the shift to fiscal stimulus means that the gains are accruing to a much wider income distribution. As you can see in the chart below on the right, the net worth of households in the bottom 60% is increasing at the fastest pace relative to incomes in recent history.

High savings rates today tell us that households have not yet gone back to normal spending behavior due to a combination of having more cash thrown at them than they can spend quickly and lingering effects of the pandemic. On the right below we show debt service, which had already fallen to low levels before the pandemic due to both lower household debt levels and lower rates. As we get past the pandemic, we expect that the combination of radically improved balance sheets, elevated savings rates, and accumulated cash will unleash an inflationary wave of spending into the real economy.

We Have the Tightest Labor Market in Decades

This wave of spending will hit labor markets that are already extremely tight, worsening the inflationary challenge. Despite unemployment being at 5.9%, job openings are at multidecade highs, as is the percentage of workers voluntarily quitting their jobs.

Early in the pandemic, the wage numbers were heavily distorted by lower-wage workers falling out of the labor force. But increasingly, this labor market tightness is starting to lead employers to raise wages in order to attract workers. A labor shortage with rising wages would present additional inflation risks.

Commodity Prices Already Reflect Building Pressures

The rally across commodities over the last year both reflects and adds to these inflationary risks. On average, commodities are up 35% since the beginning of 2020, relative to 5% for a broad commodity index throughout the entire 2010s. The breadth of this year’s rally across commodity markets only underscores the fundamental nature of inflationary pressures today. Prices of some commodities are still not as high as they were during the Chinese boom in the years following China’s entry into the WTO, but they are all much higher than they were in the last decade.

^{This research paper is prepared by and is the property of Bridgewater Associates, LP and is circulated for informational and educational purposes only. There is no consideration given to the specific investment needs, objectives or tolerances of any of the recipients. Additionally, Bridgewater’s actual investment positions may, and often will, vary from its conclusions discussed herein based on any number of factors, such as client investment restrictions, portfolio rebalancing and transactions costs, among others. Recipients should consult their own advisors, including tax advisors, before making any investment decision. This report is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the securities or other instruments mentioned.}

^{Bridgewater research utilizes data and information from public, private and internal sources, including data from actual Bridgewater trades. Sources include, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Bloomberg Finance L.P., Capital Economics, CBRE, Inc., CEIC Data Company Ltd., Clarus Financial Technology, Conference Board of Canada, Consensus Economics Inc., Corelogic, Inc., CoStar Realty Information, Inc., CreditSights, Inc., Credit Market Analysis Ltd., Dealogic LLC, DTCC Data Repository (U.S.), LLC, Ecoanalitica, Energy Aspects, EPFR Global, Eurasia Group Ltd., European Money Markets Institute – EMMI, Evercore, Factset Research Systems, Inc., The Financial Times Limited, GaveKal Research Ltd., Global Financial Data, Inc., Harvard Business Review, Haver Analytics, Inc., The Investment Funds Institute of Canada, ICE Data Derivatives UK Limited, IHS Markit, Impact-Cubed, Institutional Shareholder Services, Informa (EPFR), Investment Company Institute, International Energy Agency (IEA), Investment Management Association, JP Morgan, Lipper Financial, Mergent, Inc., Metals Focus Ltd, Moody’s Analytics, Inc., MSCI, Inc., National Bureau of Economic Research, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED), Pensions & Investments Research Center, Qontigo GmbH, Quandl, Refinitiv RP Data Ltd, Rystad Energy, Inc., S&P Global Market Intelligence Inc., Sentix GmbH, Spears & Associates, Inc., State Street Bank and Trust Company, Sustainalytics, Totem Macro, United Nations, US Department of Commerce, Verisk-Maplecroft, Vigeo-Eiris (V.E), Wind Information(HK) Company, Wood Mackenzie Limited, World Bureau of Metal Statistics, and World Economic Forum. While we consider information from external sources to be reliable, we do not assume responsibility for its accuracy.}

^{The views expressed herein are solely those of Bridgewater as of the date of this report and are subject to change without notice. Bridgewater may have a significant financial interest in one or more of the positions and/or securities or derivatives discussed. Those responsible for preparing this report receive compensation based upon various factors, including, among other things, the quality of their work and firm revenues.}